Community | June 24, 2008 | 35 comments

Homer's "Odyssey" may have historical fact

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Using clues from star and sun positions mentioned by the ancient Greek poet Homer, scholars think they have determined the date when King Odysseus returned from the Trojan War and slaughtered a group of suitors who had been pressing his wife to marry one of them.

Homer's possible reference to a solar eclipse helped scholars date Odysseus' return from the Trojan War.

It was on April 16, 1178 B.C. that the great warrior struck with arrows, swords and spears, killing those who sought to replace him, a pair of researchers say in Monday's online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

Experts have long debated whether the books of Homer reflect the actual history of the Trojan War and its aftermath.

Marcelo O. Magnasco of Rockefeller University in New York and Constantino Baikouzis of the Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, Argentina, acknowledge they had to make some assumptions to determine the date Odysseus returned to his kingdom of Ithaca.

But interpreting clues in Homer's "Odyssey" as references to the positions of stars and a total eclipse of the sun allowed them to determine when a particular set of conditions would have occurred.

"What we'd like to achieve is to get the reader to pick up the "Odyssey," and read it again, and ponder," said Magnasco. "And to realize that our understanding of these texts is quite imperfect, and even when entire libraries have been written about Homeric studies, there is still room for further investigation."

Their study potentially adds support to the accuracy of Homer's writing.

"Under the assumption that our work turns out to be correct, it adds to the evidence that he knew what he was talking about," Magnasco said. "It still does not prove the historicity of the return of Odysseus," he said. "It only proves that Homer knew about certain astronomical phenomena that happened much before his time."

Homer reports that on the day of the slaughter the sun is blotted from the sky, possibly a reference to an eclipse. In addition, he mentions more than once that it is the time of a new moon, which is necessary for a total eclipse, the researchers say.

Other clues include:

• Six days before the slaughter, Venus is visible and high in the sky.

• Twenty-nine days before, two constellations -- the Pleiades and Bootes -- are simultaneously visible at sunset.

• And 33 days before, Mercury is high at dawn and near the western end of its trajectory. This is the researchers' interpretation, anyway. Homer wrote that Hermes, the Greek name for Mercury, traveled far west to deliver a message.

"Of course we believe it's amply justified, otherwise we would not commit it to print. However we do recognize there's less ammunition to defend this interpretation than the others," Magnasco said.

"Even though the other astronomical references are much clearer, our interpretation of them as allusions to astronomical phenomena is an assumption," he added in an interview via e-mail.

For example, Magnasco said, Homer writes that as Odysseus spread his sails out of Ogygia, "sleep did not weigh on his eyelids as he watched the Pleiades, and late-setting Bootes, and the Bear."

"We assume he means that as Odysseus set sail shortly after sunset, at nautical twilight the Pleiades and Bootes were simultaneously visible, and that Bootes would be the later-setting of the two," Magnasco explained.

"It is a good assumption because every member of his audience would know what was being discussed, as the Pleiades and Bootes were important to them to know the passage of the seasons and would be very familiar with which times of the year they were visible. Remember the only calendar they had was the sky."

Since the occurrence of an eclipse and the various star positions repeat over different periods of time, Magnasco and Baikouzis set out to calculate when they would all occur in the order mentioned in the "Odyssey."
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35 comments // Homer's "Odyssey" may have historical fact

  • huntre
  • JanaPokana
    • 0
      JanaPokana  
    • While it is fun to read about the alleged historical 'truth' of the Homeric epic, it is a known fact that the narrative was transmitted orally by multiple narrators over a long period of time before it was actually written down. Therefore, I think we are dealing with a piece of literature as opposed to historiography here and reading the epic for 'historical' clues only does not really do justice to it ...

    • 4 years ago
  • SamuraiDave
    • 0
      SamuraiDave  
    • 1178? Does that jive with the ruins of what we believe to Troy (or ratter Troy VIIa or thereabouts)?
      Was Troy destroyed (again) between 1198-1188.

      While I certainly beleive Homer was reciting actual historical events handed down generations of the doings of the Myceneans, things like solar eclipses could have been easily inserted for dramatic effect for the sake of his listening audiences.

    • 4 years ago
  • SilenceNoMore
  • cerealforeal
  • Elligirl
  • Blazesboy
    • 0
      Blazesboy  
    • While I don't believe any of this, it's still a damn cool story. I'd love to believe that everything in the Iliad and the Odyssey was true!

    • 4 years ago
  • malathion
    • 0
      malathion  
    • i'd rather be " a pagan suckled in a creed outworn" ( wordsworth ) than have to be subjected to the sickening , viral infestation which is judeo-x-anity . i'll go with Homer over the bible any-day .

    • 4 years ago
  • Adumbration
  • handshakeheartbreak
  • joshuaheller
  • SilenceNoMore
  • Adumbration
  • crababble
  • SamuraiDave
  • Moopak
    • 0
      Moopak  
    • The amount of information and true knowledge to be learned from the ancient Greeks, and their work, is very underestimated.

    • 4 years ago
  • subsequent
  • VoyagerFilms
    • 0
      VoyagerFilms  
    • "The winner writes history", doesn't make him right, just means his "version of the truth" was the one that survived to be recorded.

      Menelous would of course be of the mentality (like the Busheney gang and Israeli government) to justify destroying things and murdering people to get their way. They have tiny little (unhealthy) egos which seek every and any means possible to tear down others to 'eliminate' the competition.

      Who could justify destroying the beautiful and peaceful people of Troy over one woman - who left town but a mental moron!?

      Jealously is an ugly thing that drives man-childs to do even uglier things.

    • 4 years ago
  • SamuraiDave
    • 0
      SamuraiDave  
    • VoyagerFilms:

      beautiful and peaceful people of Troy? Man, where are you pulling these cheesy platitudes from? As it is we have no historical basis to truly say what the motive of the Acheans was for destroying Troy. Helen could have easily been a latter day literary invention when the true cause was nothing more than what many wars are started over - control and commerce.

    • 4 years ago
  • SilenceNoMore
  • Prijedor
    • 0
      Prijedor  
    • What if this dude, Homer, was writing down what this other dude, that came from the war, wanted him to? I mean here he comes and kills everyone that tried doing his wife, so what makes people think he didn't control homer by fear?

      i dont know, maybe i got my facts wrong
      just what if

    • 4 years ago
  • SilenceNoMore
  • Prijedor
  • VoyagerFilms
    • 0
      VoyagerFilms  
    • I believe Homer got important facts wrong about Paris and Helen.

      Paris did not forcefully take Helen. Menelous wasn't worthy and Helen was unhappy, and quite naturally Helen was drawn to someone of comparable beauty, inside and out. Menelous was ugly, inside and out. An egotistical pea brained jerk off. (Does it sound like I'm taking this personally?)

      Why did the story turnout as it had? Because men being men, pea brained as they are, couldn't bare the thought another man was thought superior to themselves in the eyes of the woman they obsessed - and so sought, like all monsters do, to destroy that which she (Helen) loved 'forcing' her return to him.

      This is how it works, and repeats itself over and over again. Just look in the mirror and take a close look.

      Why is the Busheney gang and Israeli government hell-bent on attacking and controlling the middle east? Because they know they are ugly inside and out, and can't stand what they see in the "as yet" uncorrupted psyche of the Arab world. Deep down, this is the motivating force - nothing else.

      Hold your pants on, I'm not saying what you wish to think, or project. Civilizations rise and fall - as history attests. Western society had the dark ages, the Arab world prospered. It cycles, and for a reason.

      We don't have to cycle, we could transcend this fateful destiny, but not with the worst of us leading the way. That will only hasten our plunge into another dark age of sorts.

      That's the long 'The long-perspective"

      We had the opportunity to learn from the American Indians about respecting the land, mother nature and all that stuff. Instead, we murdered or starved most of them. We constantly make that same mistake, over and over again because we have cold hearts leading the charge, because they are the "control freaks". Not a good reason to be a politician.

      We have so much to learn from Eastern philosophy about the nature of our existence. Peace.

    • 4 years ago
  • renbyrd
    • 0
      renbyrd  
    • VoyagerFilms:

      God damn it. I agree with your argument, but does every freakin' news story on Current have to turn to some far-stretched analogy about liberal politics? Can't we just talk about literature and NOT bring up Bush/Cheney/or American Indians?

    • 4 years ago
  • SamuraiDave
    • 0
      SamuraiDave  
    • VoyagerFilms:

      besides your assumptions on the relationship between Paris and Helen (abducting women was an ancient past time) how the hell do you tie in Bush and the Iraq into Homer and the Odyssey? Sheesh! Some people are so obsessed!

    • 4 years ago
  • SilenceNoMore
    • 0
      SilenceNoMore  
    • Actually ren its more because for the longest time people thought troy was like atlantis and didnt actually exist, and then they discovered it did, and as of right now homer is the only insight we have into what happened there so anything to bring us closer to bringing it as fact brings us closer to learning about the past.

    • 4 years ago
  • renbyrd
    • 0
      renbyrd  
    • Good lord, is this what people are spending research money on? Literature specialists point out that the themes and motifs in historical writing make the piece applicable to readers today. Why should we care if Beowulf or Gilgamesh were REAL people; it's their stories that bring inspiration. This idea can also be applied to the Bible; don't take things literally; know the morals, know the ethics being taught.

    • 4 years ago
  • handshakeheartbreak
    • 0
      handshakeheartbreak  
    • renbyrd:

      This is like Jesus, but to a lesser extent. We need to identify historical and Biblical accounts. It's important to piece these together. There are more than enough people to do research.

      By your comments it seems we should only invest in science.

    • 4 years ago
  • SamuraiDave
  • J_Jammer
  • SilenceNoMore
    • 0
      SilenceNoMore  
    • Weird how the ancients had such a working knowledge of the stars that it took us forever to reach the same level with more advanced technology.

    • 4 years ago
  • Mobius2012
    • 0
      Mobius2012  
    • SilenceNoMore:

      Who's to say that we have more advanced technology? maybe advanced technology is defined according to simplicity the less complicated the more advanced don't you think? Maybe our ancestors were so evolved that the technology we employ now was obsolete to them.....

    • 4 years ago
  • Blazesboy
  • SilenceNoMore

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