Community | December 24, 2010 | 26 comments

Have scientists found evidence for mental time travel?

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stehpanie
Researchers have found evidence for “chronesthesia,” which is the brain’s ability to be aware of the past and future, and to mentally travel in subjective time. They found that activity in different brain regions is related to chronesthetic states when a person thinks about the same content during the past, present, or future. Image credit: Lars Nyberg, et al. ©2010 PNAS.



The ability to remember the past and imagine the future can significantly affect a person's decisions in life. Scientists refer to the brain’s ability to think about the past, present, and future as "chronesthesia," or mental time travel, although little is known about which parts of the brain are responsible for these conscious experiences. In a new study, researchers have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of mental time travel and better understand the nature of the mental time in which the metaphorical "travel" occurs.

The researchers, Lars Nyberg from Umea University in Umea, Sweden; Reza Habib from Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois; and Alice S. N. Kim, Brian Levine, and Endel Tulving from the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, have published their results in a recent issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"Mental time travel consists of two independent sets of processes: (1) those that determine the contents of any act of such ‘travel’: what happens, who are the 'actors,' where does the action occur; it is similar to the contents of watching a movie – everything that you see on the screen; and (2) those that determine the subjective moment of time in which the action takes place – past, present, or future," Tulving told PhysOrg.com.

"In cognitive neuroscience, we know quite a bit (relatively speaking) about perceived, remembered, known, and imagined space," he said. "We know essentially nothing about perceived, remembered, known, and imagined time. When you remember something that you did last night, you are consciously aware not only that the event happened and that you were ‘there,’ as an observer or participant ('episodic memory'), but also that it happened yesterday, that is, at a time that is no more. The question we are asking is, how do you know that it happened at a time other than 'now'?"

In their study, the researchers asked several well-trained subjects to repeatedly think about taking a short walk in a familiar environment in either the imagined past, the real past, the present, or the imagined future. By keeping the content the same and changing only the mental time in which it occurs, the researchers could identify which areas of the brain are correlated with thinking about the same event at different times.

The results showed that certain regions in the left lateral parietal cortex, left frontal cortex, and cerebellum, as well as the thalamus, were activated differently when the subjects thought about the past and future compared with the present. Notably, brain activity was very similar for thinking about all of the non-present times (the imagined past, real past, and imagined future).



Because mental time is a product of the human brain and differs from the external time that is measured by clocks and calendars, scientists also call this time “subjective time.” Chronesthesia, by definition, is a form of consciousness that allows people to think about this subjective time and to mentally travel in it.

Some previous research has questioned whether the concept of subjective time is actually necessary for understanding similarities in brain activity during past and future thinking compared with thinking about the present. A few past studies have suggested that the brain’s ability for scene construction, and not subjective time, can account for the ability to think about past and future events. However, since scene construction was held constant in this study, the new results suggest that the brain’s ability to conceive of a subjective time is in fact necessary to explain how we think about the past and future.

“Until now, the processes that determine contents and the processes that determine time have not been separated in functional neuroimaging studies of chronesthesia; especially, there have been no studies in which brain regions involved in time alone, rather than time together with action, have been identified,” Tulving said. “The concept of ‘chronesthesia’ is essentially brand new. (You find a few entries on it in Google, but not on Web of Science.) Therefore, I would say, the most important result of our study is the novel finding that there seem to exist brain regions that are more active in the (imagined) past and the (imagined) future than they are in the (imagined) present. That is, we found some evidence for chronesthesia. Before we undertook this study it was entirely possible to imagine that we find nothing!”

He added that, at this stage of the game, it is too early to talk about potential implications or applications of understanding how the brain thinks about the past, present, and future.

“Our study, we hope, is the first swallow of the spring, and others will follow,” he said. “Our findings, as I alluded to above, are promising, but they have to be replicated, checked for validity and reliability, and, above all, extended to other conditions and situations, before we can start thinking about their implications and applications (of which it is easy to think of many).”

More information: Lars Nyberg, et al. “Consciousness of subjective time in the brain.” PNAS Early Edition. DOI:10/1073/pnas.1016823108
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26 comments // Have scientists found evidence for mental time travel?

  • damush
  • Waspjock
  • remanns
    • +1
      remanns  
    • Its a Kurt Vonnegut "Slaughterhouse 5" state of consciousness out there,....in there,...around here,....whatever. Be here "now" is still good advice.

    • 2 years ago
  • echelgreen
  • remanns
    • 0
      remanns  
    • echelgreen:

      I'm not sure there is a "now" any more "a priori" than there is an "everywhen" ; the infinite "number line" is as valid as the "point" upon it.

      If the "now" is defined as "this point,...just this point,...Oh,...and everywhen/everywhere else,.....well now,.....you may have a point.

      Fun with metaphysics ; this IS a good holiday ! HUZZAH !

    • 2 years ago
  • echelgreen
    • 0
      echelgreen  
    • remanns:

      Yep, metaphysics is awesome. What I meant by the "now" was that we can break down time to the Planck second (the amount of time required by a photon to cross 10^-33cm, the planck length). As the human vision system strings together images at a rate of around 24 frames per second, I am suggesting that our consciousness strings together a continuum of physical reality at the frame rate of the planck second. At each frame, our personal consciousness resonates with the quantum hologram/ zero-point vacuum at a certain frequency dependent on how our beliefs structure our neurophysiology (tuning the receiver). Once that frame of reality is brought into existence, just like a virtual particle, it recedes back to the quantum source. Then the next frame appears and recedes... and so on. I refer to each frame or "now' as a steady-state holomovement. It is yogic adepts, mystics,shamans, and the enlightened, who can focus their consciousness down to that frame of reference. In doing so allows them to gain awareness of the process of creation and manifestation of physical reality from the source of all potentiality (the quantum hologram). This ability has allowed any of the spiritually adept to do what seems "miraculous" to the normal perceiver. That's my take on how there is only the "now". So at every moment, if you can become aware of the process, you allow your innate abilities as a true creator to manifest, controlling and shaping which reality you choose to perceive in the next "now".

    • 2 years ago
  • FishaHouse777
  • echelgreen
    • 0
      echelgreen  
    • FishaHouse777:

      No, I definitely do not have my terms or logic mixed up. It is a nobel prize (1954, I believe) winning fact that all energy is derivative from the the zero-point vacuum. That is undebatable. The issues of a scientific approach to understanding consciousness is basically all I read about. I am describing consciousness from a monistic idealism and is not something generated by the brain but received and interpreted by the brain. There is a lot of scientific evidence now, (I'll send you plenty of papers on this type of research if you are interested) suggesting that consciousness, in terms of its origin, has nothing to do with the brain. When I refer to consciousness I refer to a field that penetrates all realities, physical and beyond. What I just described is basically what Edgar Mitchell is researching at the Institute of Noetic Sciences. In no way, do I consider that an absolute truth, but one very different way of looking at things that tend to make a little more sense of mystical and transcendant experiences. I am deifintely among a growing number of scientists who are thinking in this manner (Edgar Mitchell, Ervin Laszlo, Amit Gotsawmi, Roger Penrose, Karl Pribram, Thomas Campbell, Nassim Haramein, Stan Tennen, Richard Hoagland, Tom Bearden, Carl Jung, Fred Ala Wolfe .... the list goes on for a while). It takes a very open mind and a huge leap in rational at first to even consider the possibility of a meta-paradigm of consciousness, like I am suggesting. But a body of growing evidence has come about from this work that has a consilience with the notions of time, space, and the material world in general, that many ancient adepts spoke of.

    • 2 years ago
  • Follow_me
  • kurthsb27
  • keithponder
  • KSirys
  • idealist
  • ozoneocean
  • MizPiz
  • FishaHouse777
    • +4
      FishaHouse777  
    • Giving it a name like chronesthesia makes it sound special and unique, but I'm PRETTY sure that everyone has this 6th sense, so why is this such a groundbreaking find? I think this is just another attempt for neurologists to try and debunk the human soul by further advancing our knowledge of the cogs and wheels of what is known as the brain and claiming that our "conscious free will" is an illusionary byproduct of the brain. But the brain and the mind are completely different, a neurologist can probe the brain but nothing or no one can physically investigate the mind. ya dig?

    • 2 years ago
  • stehpanie
    • +1
      stehpanie  
    • FishaHouse777:

      +^'d.
      You reminded me about something I read a while ago. I think it was ancient eastern philosophy, and it said that the mind exists on it's own without the brain, while the brain is merely a decoding vessel for the mind, because the mind is a higher power. If that is true, then this is indeed a bit pointless. It is interesting to try and understand things at a human level though, which I guess is what the scientists are doing.

    • 2 years ago
  • kurthsb27
  • XasthurNortt
  • echelgreen
    • +1
      echelgreen  
    • stehpanie:

      Absolutely! All of the new science I have been reading is confirming ancient mystics ideals such as all that exists is the One consciousness or mind. We are just one of its infinitude of manifestations. Our brains are just very intricate frequency tuners, able to resonate with a larger frame of reality, the Quantum Hologram (check out the work of Edgar Mitchell, 6th man to walk on the moon). this resonance defines out personal consciousness. Our state of being determines how time is experienced. Time and space, are relative and malleable, all dependent on ones state of mind and perceptions, formed by their belief structures.

    • 2 years ago
  • echelgreen
  • echelgreen
    • 0
      echelgreen  
    • FishaHouse777:

      Yep. Consciousness is a compltey subjective phenomena and can only be experienced. No amount of literature or studying will allow one to begin to comprehend what it is. Experience is necessary to grasp what it is. Then you can attempt to describe that through language, but such a perceptual framework can never encompass such vast amounts of information.

    • 2 years ago
  • jalpa12ivan
  • FishaHouse777
    • 0
      FishaHouse777  
    • echelgreen:

      consciousness is both subjective and objective depending on which form of consciousness youre speaking of. primary or direct consciousness is objective because it can be picked up on functional-MRI scans (you think of something and it flashes a spot in your brain), however the unconscious (or sometimes referred as subconscious) is subjective because that is running 24/7 and you can't control it or pick it up...we just know its there. You would love Freud and Jung.

    • 2 years ago
  • FishaHouse777
  • echelgreen
    • 0
      echelgreen  
    • FishaHouse777:

      I enjoy Carl Jung a lot, but Freud does make some valid points but I do not agree with several of his ideas. I just can't trust cokeheads, I guess. Yes, I understand how modern psychology describes states of consciousness. I get that brainwave states (frequencies ie. alpha, beta, theta, delta) can be correlated to certain cognitive states. I use binaureal beats and several other techniques for meditation that exploit this principle. Mdern psychology since the days of Behaviorism with Watson, has thrown the subjective experience out the window, far away from scientific scrutiny. It has followed a path of material reductionism and epiphenomenalism, and now it is completely stuck in trying to figure out what consciousness is. This is where the physicists are stepping in now. In my opinion and the research is beginning to support this, that what we are measuring (in terms of brainwaves) is not consciousness itself, but the manner in which the brain is interpreting and resonating, with the consciousness field. That make sense at all? the brain, as the amazing poiece of hardware it is, can tune into any of the infiinite amount of frequencies emitted by universal consciousness. What I mean by the subjectivity of consciousness is that to understand its true inherent properties, its qualia, since it is a non-physical phenomena, it takes the desire and intent to delve into ones own psyche and beyond through mediation, visuazliation, concentration and introspesction. We cannot understand the qualia of consciousness through physical means. Science can show us how the brain picks up this field, but thats about as far as pscyhology can go right now. The rest is up to subjectively experience varying levels of consciousness and learn to methodically report your experiences (just like the Tibetan yogis, the true psychonauts of the planet). Are you beginning to see where my viewpoint is coming from? Let me know if you are interested in some sources, because I have plenty to back up what I am saying.

    • 2 years ago

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