Tech | August 29, 2011 | 62 comments

Oceans of Poison

Progresshiv
Millions of tons of plastic are swirling in Earth's oceans, deteriorating and releasing poison into the water and air.

For detailed information about the magnitude of this problem, please read:

"Plastic Found in Nine Percent of 'Garbage Patch' Fishes: Tens of Thousands of
Tons of Debris Annually Ingested" (Science Daily, July 1, 2011)

Here is the text of that article:

"The first scientific results from an ambitious voyage led by a group of graduate
students from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego offer a
stark view of human pollution and its infiltration of an area of the ocean
that has been labeled as the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch."

Two graduate students with the Scripps Environmental Accumulation of Plastic
Expedition, or SEAPLEX, found evidence of plastic waste in more than nine
percent of the stomachs of fish collected during their voyage to the North
Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Based on their evidence, authors Peter Davison and
Rebecca Asch estimate that fish in the intermediate ocean depths of the North
Pacific ingest plastic at a rate of roughly 12,000- to 24,000 tons per year.

Their results were published June 27 in the journal Marine Ecology Progress
Series.

During the SEAPLEX voyage in August 2009, a team of Scripps graduate students traveled more than 1,000 miles west of California to the eastern sector of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre aboard the Scripps research vessel New
Horizon. Over 20 days the students, New Horizon crew and expedition
volunteers conducted comprehensive and rigorous scientific sampling at
numerous locations. They collected fish specimens, water samples and marine
debris at depths ranging from the sea surface to thousands of feet depth.

Of the 141 fishes spanning 27 species dissected in the study, Davison and
Asch found that 9.2 percent of the stomach contents of mid-water fishes
contained plastic debris, primarily broken-down bits smaller than a human
fingernail. The researchers say the majority of the stomach plastic pieces
were so small their origin could not be determined.

"About nine percent of examined fishes contained plastic in their stomach.
That is an underestimate of the true ingestion rate because a fish may
regurgitate or pass a plastic item, or even die from eating it. We didn't
measure those rates, so our nine percent figure is too low by an unknown
amount," said Davison.

The authors say previous studies on fish and plastic ingestion may have
included so-called "net-feeding" biases. Net feeding can lead to artificially
high cases of plastic ingestion by fishes while they are confined in a net
with a high concentration of plastic debris. The Scripps study's results were
designed to avoid such bias. The highest concentrations of plastic were
retrieved by a surface collecting device called a "manta net," which sampled
for only 15 minutes at a time. The short sampling time minimizes the risk of
net feeding by preventing large concentrations of plastic from building up,
and also by reducing the amount of time that a captured fish spends in the
net. In addition to the manta net, the fishes were also collected with other
nets that sample deeper in the water column where there is less plastic to be
ingested through net feeding.

The new study focused on the prevalence of plastic ingestion, but effects
such as toxicological impacts on fish and composition of the plastic were
outside of the study's goals.

The majority of fish examined in the study were myctophids, commonly called
lanternfish because of their luminescent tissue. Lanternfishes are
hypothesized to use luminescence for several purposes, including
counter-illumination (thwarts predators attempting to silhouette the
lanternfish against sunlight), mate attraction and identification and
illumination of prey. Such fish generally inhabit the 200- to 1,000-meter
(650- to 3,280-foot) depth during the day and swim to the surface at night.

"These fish have an important role in the food chain because they connect
plankton at the base of the food chain with higher levels. We have estimated
the incidence at which plastic is entering the food chain and I think there
are potential impacts, but what those impacts are will take more research,"
said Asch.

Rather than a visible "patch" or "island" of trash, marine debris is highly
dispersed across thousands of miles of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
The debris area cannot be mapped from air or space, so SEAPLEX researchers
collected samples in 132 net tows (130 of which contained plastic) across a
distance of more than 2,375 kilometers (1,700 miles) in an attempt to find
the boundaries of the patch. The region, a "convergence zone" where floating
debris in water congregates, is generally avoided by mariners due to its calm
winds and mild currents. The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre has been
understudied by scientists, leaving many open questions about marine debris
in the area and its long-term effects on the marine environment.

"This study clearly emphasizes the importance of directly sampling in the
environment where the impacts may be occurring," said James Leichter, a
Scripps associate professor of biological oceanography who participated in
the SEAPLEX expedition but was not an author of the new paper. "We are seeing
that most of our prior predictions and expectations about potential impacts
have been based on speculation rather than evidence and in many cases we have
in fact underestimated the magnitude of effects. SEAPLEX also clearly
illustrates how relatively small amounts of funding directed for novel field
sampling and work in remote places can vastly increase our knowledge and
understanding of environmental problems."
  1. groups:
    Community,   Tech,   Green,   Earth Care,   1 more
  2. tags:
    Ocean Poison Plastic Garbage 2 more
  3. recommended by:
    Vierotchka
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62 comments // Oceans of Poison // Video

  • cclark_productions
  • Progresshiv
  • jmarkred
  • Progresshiv
  • squarethecircle
  • BillCorcoran
  • Progresshiv
  • WagonMaster
    • +2
      WagonMaster  
    • A retired Dutch Merchant Marine friend described the huge masses as floating navigation hazards constantly on the move and so huge that they were lost in the distance. What a disgrace.

    • 9 months ago
  • Hardytoo
  • Progresshiv
  • wally60
    • +3
      wally60  
    • its hard to imagine we screwed up something as large as the oceans.plastic is one of the worst things for the planet it should be banned as a package material
      we would get used to not having it we did before it was invented.

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
  • Vic_Romano
  • Hardytoo
    • +4
      Hardytoo  
    • Vic_Romano:

      Never give up, Vic; that's too easy and I know you'd not take the easy way out. Just know that we need to get to a point of "critical mass" with the information, as Progresshiv says below. We can all tough it out cuz we have to - just never shut-up about it - make a pest of yourself to all lawmakers and educators. Yell louder!

    • 9 months ago
  • Vic_Romano
  • Incredulous
    • +5
      Incredulous  
    • if it's not crude oil being pumped or spilled directly into the ocean, it's oil by-products being dumped there. Important work, sad world. Thanks for sharing this. +^d

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
  • bailey78
    • +2
      bailey78  
    • Progresshiv:

      getting it stopped is one thing but how about the cleanup of the mess we already have going. That is a job that will take a hundred years if a day. Not that it can't be done but those in charge of things will fight tooth and nail to say it is not harming a thing as it is. Sure We know better. we know it is leading to a slow death of the planet.

    • 9 months ago
  • dugdog47
    • +2
      dugdog47  
    • bailey78:

      Create a use for all this extra plastic, that is the answer. I have a challenge for anyone who reads this. Find a use for plastic. It.contains petroleum, so it must be good for something. Lets do it America!

    • 9 months ago
  • Hardytoo
  • bailey78
  • Progresshiv
    • +3
      Progresshiv  
    • dugdog47:

      Recycled plastic makes great material for strong construction. There is a kid's playground near my house that has many structures (towers, walkways, etc.) made with plastic framing. It's very sturdy and lasts forever. I have concern that the plastic may exude harmful substances and that the kids may absorb them, but there has to be a way to make such materials safer. I say we scoop up all the trash in the oceans and use it for building homes for people who have none.

    • 9 months ago
  • dugdog47
    • +5
      dugdog47  
    • I am completely sickened anytime I hear about our plastic oceans. The"give me convienience or give me death" mentality will kill our planet.

      Has anyone heard about an oil leak all over the place? I haven't been able to find anything out on the internet.

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
  • dugdog47
  • Gravity_Man
  • dugdog47
    • +3
      dugdog47  
    • Gravity_Man:

      Oh yea G-man. I'm thinking a super compactor that compacts the plastic into a superdense ball. From there it will be incinerated at an extremely high temperature in a micro oven. And I'm stuck now. I guess we DO need a13yr old.

    • 9 months ago
  • Gravity_Man
    • +2
      Gravity_Man  
    • dugdog47:

      When the fish start walking ashore carrying Gatling guns and bullet belts we may have to share our land... that we took with Gatling guns. I'm thinking along the lines of the alien Arnold fought. Whew.

      Your idea isn't so bad, you just need to apply Quantum Physics. What you do is you get the ball to collapse into a black hole that gets Smaller & Smaller til it's gone. Poof. Problem solved.

    • 9 months ago
  • dugdog47
    • +2
      dugdog47  
    • Gravity_Man:

      Okay. If I apply quantum physics, I wouldn't need a black hole. But I think we are deffinently on to something here. If I can make a car run on plastic, suddenly there will be a SHORTAGE OF OCEAN PLASTIC! It's the how, not the why...hmm, maybe add in an electric motor that runs off a reverse tesla coil. Yes. Yesss...yes ssss.

    • 9 months ago
  • Gravity_Man
  • Gravity_Man
  • bailey78
    • +4
      bailey78  
    • I really hate to think how much plastic was washed into the Sea by the storm they just had on the East Coast. megatons I'm sure. Not to mention all the other waste that we create everyday. Everytime we eat something that comes prepacked we are doing the planet an injustice. I have never heard back from ANYONE I sent the video I made to. Hard to get attention here on the Gulf Coast of Texas unless you have something to give those that are in charge.

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
    • +4
      Progresshiv  
    • bailey78:

      It is time for us all to start speaking, even if it annoys those around us. We have to create a critical mass of awareness that blooms into an understanding of the seriousness of this problem. Don't give up.

    • 9 months ago
  • bailey78
  • Progresshiv
  • Hardytoo
    • +4
      Hardytoo  
    • bailey78:

      Go for it, Bailey.
      Try one school, then another... any teacher worth his/her salt should be glad to show it to students (especially those "bragged about" Charter Schools).
      If one of them takes it, the others will follow.

    • 9 months ago
  • bailey78
  • bailey78
  • Hardytoo
  • bailey78
    • +2
      bailey78  
    • Hardytoo:

      We have been together for twentytwo years now. She is my best friend in the whole world. I tell people either I did something really good once or She did something really bad once for the cosmos to put us together

    • 9 months ago
  • Hardytoo
  • squarethecircle
  • bailey78
  • JanforGore
    • +6
      JanforGore  
    • This is some video from the SEAPLEX expedition a couple years ago. What else can be assessed from this but to state that humanity is failing at its evolution? It is heartbreaking to see our oceans being used as nothing more than garbage dumps. Especially when so much of them have yet to be discovered and explored. We are killing them and the species that live in them before we even know about them. I just posted a video showing the extent of garbage blown from the bay in my community just during Irene. That is just a microcosm of the plastic garbage gyres we have now made in the Pacific added to dead zones, acidification, radiation, overfishing... I keep trying to have hope that some sort of epiphany is going to come upon us collectively. I really wish I knew what it would take for that to happen. This is so important. Thanks for posting this.

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
    • +4
      Progresshiv  
    • JanforGore:

      Fabulous video, Jan. Thanks for adding it here. The problem is not complex- all of us need to reduce or eliminate our use of plastic. We then have to mobilize our communities to start cleaning it up. It can be recycled into building materials or melted down and stored underground where the risk of contaminants leaching into the air and water is minimal. Plastics are relatively inert; we don't have to be.

    • 9 months ago
  • JanforGore
  • squarethecircle
  • JanforGore
  • squarethecircle
  • Leen61
    • +5
      Leen61  
    • I was reading through the comments here between Progresshiv and Hardytoo. Yes, cleaning up the plastic in the oceans would create jobs and help the environment at the same time. Plastic is killing all ocean life. I read alot about this problem in Mother Jones magazine. Our government does nothing but spend money on wars and make sure the rich get richer but don't care if the planet Earth goes to hell. More proof of this is what I read at Alternet and saw on Countdown tonight...the Obama administration, in spite of all the great protesting done by Bill McKibben and others against the Keystone XL tar sands, is going to approve that project anyway. So much for the will of the people and caring about our planet. :(

    • 9 months ago
  • Hardytoo
    • +5
      Hardytoo  
    • Leen61:

      I'm not surprised about the Keystone decision at all; the lobbying even by the Canadian Ministers of Energy and Environment have been in DC for the better part of the last 3 months. Truly sickening & poor excuses for human beings.

      Hope you had a look at the video (below) - it's a "stunner."

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
  • Leen61
  • Leen61
  • Progresshiv
  • Hardytoo
    • +5
      Hardytoo  
    • As the great song writer wrote and sang: "When will we ever learn... when will they ever learn."
      Seems like WE'RE learning but sadly, for the the moment and for our shortened future, $$$ means more than life itself.

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
    • +4
      Progresshiv  
    • Hardytoo:

      I hate to be an alarmist, but the figures that describe the extent of plastic pollution in the ocean are staggering. In Asia the cultural ethic does not support even thinking about discarding plastic into the environment, and there are many beaches completely covered, many feet deep, with plastic garbage.

      Sea turtles are particularly vulnerable to plastic, as they eat it without hesitation. There is a documented case of a female turtle excreting four large plastic bags she had eaten previously. Much of the plastic she had eaten remained inside her, where it poisoned her internal organs.

      The large volume of plastic swirling in the oceans has direct effects on ocean currents and temperatures, and it releases a chemical soup of carcinogens that infiltrate every level of the food chain. Last year when we collected plastic from several hundred square meters of beach, then had them analyzed in the local college's lab, pieces as small as human white blood cells were found. Microscopic particles of plastic that enter our bodies and reside there, releasing chemicals into our organs, are killers.

    • 9 months ago
  • Hardytoo
    • +4
      Hardytoo  
    • Progresshiv:

      I don't think you're being alarmist at all.
      The Pacific "plastic island" stretches from Hawaii to Japan (it's 2X the size of Texas); combine that with increased acidity levels, which is killing the phytoplankton - spells "the end." Destroying the bottom rung of the food-chain ensures the destruction of all life forms above that rung. I just don't have any answers (not that you're asking, but it's such a helpless feeling for all of us). I find it overwhelming.

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
    • +4
      Progresshiv  
    • Hardytoo:

      It is certainly overwhelming, and the temptation for me is to say, "There's nothing to be done," and wait for the end. I told that to my friend, Marc, who appears in this video. Marc suggested that the government could wipe out unemployment by hiring millions of folks to take part in cleaning up the beaches and the oceans. Such projects would stimulate economies, clean our planet, and save lives.

      It is very important that each of us who knows about this situation spread the word to all of our connections, including positive encouragement as to how we could solve this problem. Apathy is a great drug, but it leads to death. I appreciate your response very much and know that you will make a difference somehow.

    • 9 months ago
  • Hardytoo
    • +4
      Hardytoo  
    • Progresshiv:

      I do hope this video reaches the schools, especially the young kids - that's the key. I believe the ONLY way we're ever going to approach this problem is thru education, both in and out of schools.
      The video is not only amazing but truly an eye-opener to what and where we might start in "cleaning up." Some of it, the mimicking of shape and size, is a real eye-opener. It seems like "doom, but we can't give up.
      I agree with your idea about stimulating economies - I have a few ideas about that too, along the same lines. (And if the energy companies scream, then put them in charge by letting keep part of their tax exemptions and favors they now get.)
      In my little corner of the world (which is paradise hidden), I'm within walking distance of a lovely beach area; I usually have two garbage bags with me - one for driftwood and fun stuff (shells, wood, rocks), and the other for garbage pick-up. (I know it sounds rather small in scope, but it's at least a contribution). There are others here doing the same thing - we all laugh at each other, but at heart, we know we're doing our small part, and we're setting an example, if only in a small way. I can devote only a couple of hrs a week to cleaning up the beach, and will have more hours when I retire (soon I hope).
      Don't give up (which is what I'm saying to myself). Keep on posting items like this one - raise a few eyebrows, and a lot of awareness. We all MUST.

    • 9 months ago
  • Progresshiv
  • Hardytoo
    • +2
      Hardytoo  
    • Progresshiv:

      Not looking for special thanks (altho i appreciate your saying it)- it's "tiny" work. If it wasn't so much fun with the others there, I'd have find another politician to bug. HA!!

    • 9 months ago
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